Pet Naturals of Vermont Daily Multi Dog Chews

Ingredients

Oat Flour, Brewers Dried Yeast, Rye Flour, Glycerin, Calcium Phosphate, Vegetable Flavor, Arabic Gum, Canola Oil, Soy Lecithin, Fish Oil Concentrate, Calcium Carbonate, L-Ascorbyl-2-Polyhosphate, Maltodextrin, Sodium Alginate, Calcium Sulfate, Citrus Pectin, Water, Vitamin E Supplement, Potassium Chloride, Dl-Methionine, Ferrous Sulfate, Magnesium Oxide, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Zinc Sulfate, Sorbic Acid (a Preservative), Niacinamide, D-Calcium Pantothenate, Mixed Tocopherols (a Preservative), Propionic Acid (a Preservative), Manganese Sulfate, Inositol, Riboflavin, Copper Sulfate, Vitamin A Supplement, Vitamin D Supplement, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Sodium Selenite, Thiamine Mononitrate, Biotin, Folic Acid, Calcium Iodate. Caloric Content 12 kcal ME/chew

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• Arabic Gum (2)
  Gum arabic, also known as gum sudani, acacia gum, arabic gum, gum acacia, acacia, Senegal gum and Indian gum, and by other names, is a natural gum consisting of the hardened sap of various species of the acacia tree. Gum arabic is collected from acacia species, predominantly Acacia senegal and Vachellia seyal.
• Biotin - Harmless ingredient (242)
  Biotin also called vitamin H, vitamin B7 or vitamin B8 is a water-soluble B vitamin. It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids.
• Brewers Dried Yeast (36)
• Calcium Carbonate - Harmless ingredient (155)
  Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs.
• Calcium Phosphate (19)
  Calcium phosphate is a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions together with inorganic phosphate anions. Some so-called calcium phosphates contain oxide and hydroxide as well. They are white solids of nutritious value. Calcium phosphates are found in many living organisms, e.g., bone mineral and tooth enamel.
• Calcium Sulfate (24)
  Calcium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates. In the form of γ-anhydrite, it is used as a desiccant. One particular hydrate is better known as plaster of Paris, and another occurs naturally as the mineral gypsum.
• Canola Oil (18)
  Canola oil is a vegetable oil derived from a variety of rapeseed that is low in erucic acid, as opposed to colza oil. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from the seed of any of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae, namely cultivars of Brassica napus L., Brassica rapa subsp.
• Citrus Pectin (2)
• Copper Sulfate - Harmless ingredient (159)
  Copper sulfate, also known as copper sulphate, are the inorganic compounds with the chemical formula CuSO4x, where x can range from 0 to 5. The pentahydrate is the most common form. Older names for this compound include blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol.
• D-Calcium Pantothenate - Controversial ingredient (110)
• Dl-Methionine - Healthy ingredient (62)
  Methionine is an essential amino acid in humans. As the substrate for other amino acids such as cysteine and taurine, versatile compounds such as SAM-e, and the important antioxidant glutathione, methionine plays a critical role in the metabolism and health of many species, including humans.
• Ferrous Sulfate - Harmless ingredient (166)
  Iron sulfate sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula FeSO4·xH2O. These compounds exist most commonly as the heptahydrate but are known for several values of x. The hydrated form is used medically to treat iron deficiency, and also for industrial applications.
• Fish Oil Concentrate (1)
• Folic Acid - Harmless ingredient (235)
  Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins. Manufactured folic acid, which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and storage.
• Glycerin - Controversial ingredient (40)
  Glycerol is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The glycerol backbone is found in those lipids known as glycerides. Due to having antimicrobial and antiviral properties it is widely used in FDA approved wound and burn treatments.
• Inositol (34)
  Inositol, or more precisely myo-inositol, is a carbocyclic sugar that is abundant in brain and other mammalian tissues, mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors and participates in osmoregulation. It is a sugar alcohol with half the sweetness of sucrose.
• L-Ascorbyl-2-Polyhosphate (1)
• Magnesium Oxide (13)
  Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium. It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by ionic bonding.
• Maltodextrin (16)
  Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is used as a food additive. It is produced from vegetable starch by partial hydrolysis and is usually found as a white hygroscopic spray-dried powder. Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as glucose and may be either moderately sweet or almost flavorless.
• Manganese Sulfate - Controversial ingredient (138)
• Mixed Tocopherols - Low-quality ingredient (83)
• Niacinamide (10)
  Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication. As a supplement, it is used by mouth to prevent and treat pellagra. While nicotinic acid may be used for this purpose, nicotinamide has the benefit of not causing skin flushing.
• Oat Flour (5)
• Potassium Chloride - Low-quality ingredient (208)
  Potassium chloride is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance. The solid dissolves readily in water, and its solutions have a salt-like taste. KCl is used as a fertilizer, in medicine, in scientific applications, and in food processing, where it may be known as E number additive E508.
• Propionic Acid (9)
  Propionic acid is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H. It is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. The anion CH3CH2CO2− as well as the salts and esters of propionic acid are known as propionates or propanoates..
• Pyridoxine Hydrochloride - Harmless ingredient (238)
• Riboflavin - Harmless ingredient (244)
  Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. Food sources include eggs, green vegetables, milk and other dairy product, meat, mushrooms, and almonds. Some countries require its addition to grains. As a supplement it is used to prevent and treat riboflavin deficiency and prevent migraines.
• Rye Flour (5)
• Sodium Alginate (7)
  Alginic acid, also called algin, is a polysaccharide distributed widely in the cell walls of brown algae that is hydrophilic and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. With metals such as sodium and calcium, its salts are known as alginates. It is a significant component of the biofilms produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major pathogen found in the lungs of some people who have cystic fibrosis.
• Sodium Selenite - Harmful ingredient (166)
• Sorbic Acid (21)
  Sorbic acid, or 2,4-hexadienoic acid, is a natural organic compound used as a food preservative. It has the chemical formula CH34CO2H. It is a colourless solid that is slightly soluble in water and sublimes readily. It was first isolated from the unripe berries of the Sorbus aucuparia, hence its name..
• Soy Lecithin (6)
  Lecithin is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances, and are used for smoothing food textures, emulsifying, homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials.
• Thiamine Mononitrate - Harmless ingredient (256)
• Vegetable Flavor (1)
• Vitamin A - Harmless ingredient (215)
  Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids. Vitamin A has multiple functions: it is important for growth and development, for the maintenance of the immune system, and for good vision.
• Vitamin B12 - Harmless ingredient (257)
  Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body: it is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. It is particularly important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the maturation of developing red blood cells in the bone marrow.
• Vitamin D (9)
  Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2. The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the lower layers of skin epidermis through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure.
• Vitamin E - Harmless ingredient (283)
  Vitamin E is a group of eight fat soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Vitamin E deficiency, which is rare and usually due to an underlying problem with digesting dietary fat rather than from a diet low in vitamin E, can cause nerve problems.
• Water (68)
  Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of most living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients.
• Zinc Sulfate - Low-quality ingredient (132)
  Zinc sulfate is an inorganic compound and dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat zinc deficiency and to prevent the condition in those at high risk. Side effects of excess supplementation may include abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and tiredness.